Flag of Indonesia

Indonesia’s national flag is a horizontal bicolor with a red upper stripe and a white lower stripe. Its proportions are two units high to three units wide.

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Indonesian nationalism: A political movement seeking a unified, independent Indonesian nation from Dutch colonial rule. The flag became a powerful emblem of the national movement before independence.
Majapahit Empire: A powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdom centered in Java that flourished from the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries. Red-and-white banners associated with Majapahit are often cited as historical precedents.
Vexillology: The study of flags, their history, symbolism, design, and use. It provides the terminology for describing the Indonesian flag’s form and history.
Flag of Poland: Poland’s national flag has a white upper stripe and a red lower stripe. It uses the same two colors as Indonesia’s flag in the reverse order.
Independence of Indonesia: The 1945 end of Dutch colonial rule, proclaimed by Indonesian leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta. The flag was raised during the independence proclamation on 17 August 1945.
Dutch East Indies: The Dutch colonial territory in the Indonesian archipelago before the modern republic. The national flag emerged in a struggle against Dutch colonial rule.
Bicolor (flag): A flag design consisting of two distinct color fields. Indonesia’s flag is a simple two-field bicolor.
Flag of Singapore: Singapore’s national flag has red above white, with a crescent and five stars in the upper field. Its upper and lower color fields resemble Indonesia’s, but added symbols distinguish it.
Sukarno: An Indonesian nationalist leader who became the country’s first president. Sukarno helped establish the flag as a symbol of the independent republic.
Indonesian National Revolution: The armed and diplomatic struggle from 1945 to 1949 to secure Indonesian independence from the Netherlands. The flag became a visible emblem during the revolution.