Force

A force is an interaction that can change an object's momentum. In classical mechanics, it is represented as a vector with magnitude and direction.

Newton's second law: A law stating that an object's net force equals the rate of change of its momentum. It gives the quantitative relation between force and momentum change.
Momentum: The product of an object's mass and velocity in classical mechanics. Force is defined by how quickly this vector quantity changes.
Gravitational force: The attractive interaction between bodies with mass or energy, described classically by Newton's law of gravitation. It accounts for weight, falling objects, and orbital motion.
Energy: A conserved physical quantity associated with the capacity to produce change and perform work. Energy tracks scalar changes in physical systems, unlike force's vector effect on momentum.
Net force: The vector sum of all forces acting on an object or system. Only the combined force determines an object's overall momentum change.
Vector: A quantity with magnitude and direction that follows vector addition rules. Force has direction, so its effects depend on vector addition.
Normal force: A contact force exerted perpendicular to the surface between touching bodies. It represents the support a surface provides against penetration.
Work (physics): Energy transferred when a force acts through displacement. A force can act without doing work when displacement is perpendicular or absent.
Impulse: The integral of force over a time interval, equal to the resulting change in momentum. It measures how a force acting over time changes momentum.
Mass: A physical property measuring inertia and, in gravity, coupling to gravitational interaction. In Newtonian mechanics, mass relates net force to acceleration.

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