Forelimb

A forelimb is one of an animal’s paired front limbs, including its bones and joints. In vertebrates, forelimbs share a basic skeletal plan despite differences in form and use.

Pectoral girdle: The bones that attach a vertebrate’s forelimbs to its trunk. It anchors each forelimb to the body and transfers forces between limb and trunk.
Shoulder joint: The joint connecting the upper arm to the pectoral girdle. It provides the forelimb’s main attachment and a broad range of motion.
Brachiation: A form of arboreal locomotion in which an animal swings beneath branches using its arms. Some primate forelimbs are adapted to support body weight during suspension and swinging.
Hindlimb: One of an animal’s paired rear limbs, including its bones and joints. It is the forelimb’s corresponding rear appendage, often more specialized for propulsion.
Humerus: The single long bone of the upper arm or corresponding proximal forelimb segment. It connects the shoulder region to the radius and ulna.
Elbow joint: The joint between the upper arm and forearm bones. Its bending and straightening reposition the distal forelimb.
Bat flight: Powered flight in bats, produced by a membrane stretched across elongated forelimb digits. Bat wings show how forelimb bones can be reshaped into a flight surface.
Homology (biology): Similarity between biological structures due to shared ancestry. Forelimbs across vertebrates are homologous despite their different functions and shapes.
Radius: One of the two bones in the forearm, positioned on the thumb side in humans. It forms one side of the forelimb’s middle segment and contributes to wrist movement.
Wrist joint: The joint complex connecting the forearm to the hand. It adjusts hand orientation and transmits forces from the digits.

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