Forestry

Forestry is the science and practice of establishing, managing, conserving, and using forests and their resources. It balances timber and other products with ecological health and public benefits.

Silviculture: The practice of establishing, tending, and regenerating forest stands. It supplies the stand-level methods used to shape forest growth and composition.
Agroforestry: Land-use systems that deliberately combine trees with crops, livestock, or both. It extends forest practices into farms and working landscapes.
Forest ecology: The study of interactions among forest organisms and between forests and their environments. Ecological knowledge reveals how management changes forest communities and processes.
Clearcutting: A harvesting method that removes nearly all trees from a defined area in one operation. It is a highly visible system whose ecological effects differ from partial harvesting.
Hans Carl von Carlowitz: A German mining administrator whose 1713 book Sylvicultura oeconomica argued for sustained timber production. His writing helped establish sustained yield as an explicit forest-management principle.
Forest management: The planning and direction of activities that maintain forests and provide desired goods and services. It organizes forestry decisions across sites, objectives, and time.
Urban forestry: The planning and care of trees and forest resources in and around urban areas. It applies forestry principles to city trees, parks, and green infrastructure.
Deforestation: The conversion of forest to another land use or the permanent reduction of forest cover. It marks the loss forestry seeks to avoid when sustaining forest cover.
Selection cutting: A harvesting method that removes selected trees while retaining a mixed-age forest stand. It contrasts with even-aged management by maintaining tree cover and multiple age classes.
Heinrich Cotta: A German forester who founded a forestry school and advanced scientific forest management in the nineteenth century. His teaching helped turn forestry into a formal profession and discipline.

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