Four Commanderies of Han

The Four Commanderies of Han were Chinese administrative districts established in former Gojoseon after Han forces conquered the kingdom in 108 BCE. Their changing borders and survival reflected Han power and local resistance in the northern Korean Peninsula.

Gojoseon: An ancient Korean kingdom that existed before the Three Kingdoms period and was conquered by Han in 108 BCE. Its defeat created the territory on which Han established the commanderies.
Han–Gojoseon War: A conflict in 109–108 BCE in which Han forces defeated Wiman Joseon and captured its capital. The war ended Gojoseon rule and enabled the initial commandery settlement.
Emperor Wu of Han: The seventh emperor of the Han dynasty, whose reign from 141 to 87 BCE expanded the empire's territory. His government ordered the campaign that destroyed Wiman Joseon.
Nakrang culture: The archaeological culture associated with Lelang Commandery and its surrounding region during the Han and later periods. Its tombs and material remains reveal the society that developed around Han administration.
Han dynasty: A Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 206 BCE to 220 CE, interrupted by the Xin dynasty. The dynasty conquered Gojoseon and organized its former lands into commanderies.
Xuantu Commandery: A Han commandery established in the northeastern region of former Gojoseon and later relocated westward. Its move illustrates how local pressure reshaped the original administrative layout.
Wiman Joseon–Han diplomacy: Relations between Wiman Joseon and the Han empire before their war, marked by trade, tribute disputes, and political tensions. The breakdown of these relations preceded the invasion that founded the commanderies.
Han tombs in Korea: Burials in the Korean Peninsula containing objects and practices associated with Han-period funerary traditions. These finds document cultural contact beyond the commandery capitals.
Commandery: A territorial administrative unit used in imperial China, generally governed by officials appointed by the central state. The four districts were commanderies, Han's means of ruling distant territories.
Zhenfan Commandery: One of the Han commanderies established in former Gojoseon, abolished in 82 BCE. Its short existence shows that the initial four-district arrangement quickly contracted.

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