Fourth-wave feminism

Fourth-wave feminism is a phase of feminist activism that emerged in the 2010s, characterized by digital organizing and attention to sexual violence, intersectionality, and gender inequality.

Hashtag activism: Political organizing and advocacy conducted through social-media hashtags. Hashtags such as #MeToo let feminist campaigns connect individual accounts and circulate them widely.
Intersectionality: A framework for analyzing how overlapping systems of power shape people’s experiences. It grounds the wave’s emphasis on differences among women and intersecting forms of oppression.
Second-wave feminism: A feminist movement that expanded from the 1960s through the 1980s, challenging legal, social, and economic inequalities. Its organizing and debates supplied precedents that later feminists adapted to new media and issues.
Postfeminism: A cultural perspective that treats feminism as largely achieved while emphasizing individual choice and self-expression. Fourth-wave campaigns contest the premise that gender equality has already been secured.
#MeToo movement: A movement against sexual violence and harassment that gained global prominence in 2017. Its rapid spread brought workplace misconduct and survivor testimony into mainstream debate.
Me Too movement: A movement against sexual violence and harassment that gained global prominence in 2017. It shows how online testimony can turn sexual misconduct into a broad public and institutional issue.
Sexual violence: Sexual acts or attempts imposed without consent, including through force, coercion, or exploitation. Opposition to sexual violence is a defining focus of many fourth-wave campaigns.
Third-wave feminism: A feminist movement emerging in the 1990s that emphasized diversity, individual agency, and challenges to fixed definitions of womanhood. Fourth-wave activism inherits its attention to difference while developing a more digitally networked public presence.
Feminist separatism: A feminist strategy that advocates women-centered spaces or separation from male-dominated institutions. Its organizing model contrasts with campaigns that build broad, public networks through digital platforms.
Time's Up: An organization and campaign launched in 2018 to address workplace sexual harassment and promote gender equity. It translated heightened attention to harassment into legal support and workplace advocacy.

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