Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who led the overthrow of the Inca Empire and established Spanish rule in Peru.

Battle of Cajamarca: The 1532 ambush in which Pizarro’s forces captured Inca ruler Atahualpa. Pizarro’s capture of Atahualpa there gave his expedition leverage over the empire.
Spanish colonization of the Americas: The establishment of Spanish political, economic, and religious control across parts of the Americas. Pizarro’s conquest extended Spain’s colonial project into the Andes.
Diego de Almagro: A Spanish conquistador who partnered with Pizarro in the conquest of Peru before becoming his rival. Their partnership secured the expedition, while their later conflict destabilized Spanish rule.
Siege of Cusco: The 1536–1537 Inca siege of Cusco, then occupied by Spanish forces and their allies. The siege exposed the limits of Spanish control after Pizarro’s initial victories.
Bartolomé de las Casas: A Spanish Dominican friar and writer who condemned abuses against Indigenous peoples in the Americas. His criticism contrasts with the justifications used by conquerors such as Pizarro.
Atahualpa: The Inca ruler captured by Pizarro at Cajamarca in 1532 and executed the following year. His capture enabled Pizarro to demand a vast ransom while keeping him imprisoned.
Panama: The Central American region linking the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Pizarro organized his expeditions to Peru from Spanish-controlled Panama.
Hernando Pizarro: Francisco Pizarro’s brother, a conquistador and colonial official involved in the conquest of Peru. He served as a key lieutenant and carried news of the conquest to Spain.
Lima: The capital of Peru, founded by Francisco Pizarro in 1535 as Ciudad de los Reyes. Pizarro established a new colonial center on the coast, shifting power from Cusco.
New Laws of 1542: Spanish laws intended to curb Indigenous enslavement and limit the hereditary power of encomenderos. They challenged colonial privileges that Pizarro’s conquest had helped create.

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