Frederick Sanger

Frederick Sanger was a British biochemist who developed methods for determining the amino acid sequence of proteins and the nucleotide sequence of DNA. He received two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry.

Insulin sequencing: Frederick Sanger’s determination of the amino acid sequence of insulin, completed in 1955. This first complete protein sequence established that proteins have precise, determinable amino acid orders.
Sanger sequencing: A DNA sequencing method that uses chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides to generate fragments of different lengths. Sanger developed this chain-termination method to read DNA nucleotide order.
University of Cambridge: A public research university in Cambridge, England, founded in 1209. Sanger conducted his landmark biochemical research at Cambridge’s biochemistry department.
Walter Gilbert: An American molecular biologist who developed a chemical method for DNA sequencing. Gilbert shared the 1980 Chemistry Nobel with Sanger for independent DNA sequencing methods.
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing: A DNA sequencing method that infers base order from chemically cleaved, end-labeled DNA fragments. It was the principal competing DNA sequencing method when Sanger’s approach emerged.
DNA sequencing: Methods for determining the order of nucleotide bases in DNA. Sanger’s later chain-termination method helped make DNA sequence determination practical.
Dideoxy sequencing: DNA sequencing by selective termination of DNA synthesis with dideoxynucleotides. The method’s chemical stopping points are the key to Sanger’s DNA-reading technique.
Albert Neuberger: A British biochemist whose research focused on amino acids and proteins. Neuberger supervised Sanger’s doctoral work and introduced him to protein chemistry.
Paul Berg: An American biochemist who pioneered methods for joining DNA molecules from different sources. Berg shared the 1980 Chemistry Nobel with Sanger and Gilbert for recombinant DNA research.
Next-generation sequencing: High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies that read many DNA molecules in parallel. These technologies greatly increased sequencing scale beyond traditional Sanger methods.

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