Frost

Frost is a deposit of ice crystals that forms when water vapor freezes directly on a surface at or below water’s freezing point.

Deposition (phase transition): Deposition is a phase transition in which a gas becomes a solid without first becoming liquid. Water vapor can form frost by depositing directly as ice crystals.
Freezing point: The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid under specified conditions. Water’s freezing point sets the temperature threshold in frost’s definition.
Dew: Dew is liquid water that condenses from air onto a cool surface. Dew forms as liquid, whereas frost forms as ice when the surface is sufficiently cold.
Frost heave: Frost heave is the upward displacement of soil caused by ice growth beneath the ground surface. Freezing ground water can damage foundations and roads through repeated frost-related freezing.
Radiation frost: Radiation frost is frost caused by surface cooling through net heat loss by radiation, typically on clear, calm nights. It is a widespread case in which exposed surfaces cool rapidly after sunset.
Dew point: The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor at a given pressure. Surface cooling below the dew point allows water vapor to accumulate as frost when the surface is freezing.
Water vapor: Water vapor is water in its gaseous state. It supplies the molecules that become frost crystals.
Freezing rain: Freezing rain is liquid precipitation that freezes upon contact with surfaces at or below freezing. It builds ice from arriving liquid droplets rather than directly from water vapor.
Frost protection: Frost protection comprises methods used to reduce crop damage during freezing conditions. Farmers use irrigation, heaters, and airflow to limit freezing injury to plants.
Advection frost: Advection frost forms when cold air moves over a surface and cools it below freezing. Wind-driven cold air can produce frost even without strong nighttime radiative cooling.

Linked from 4 pages