Fulani jihad

The Fulani jihad was a series of Islamic reform and state-building movements in West Africa, especially in the early 19th century. Its most influential outcome was the Sokoto Caliphate, founded by Usman dan Fodio.

Sokoto Caliphate: A West African Islamic state established in 1804 by Usman dan Fodio and his followers. The largest and most enduring polity to emerge from the jihad.
Gobir: A Hausa kingdom in present-day northern Nigeria that became the principal rival of Usman dan Fodio's movement. Conflict with Gobir's rulers helped turn preaching into open revolt.
Nana Asma'u: A nineteenth-century poet, teacher, and scholar in the Sokoto Caliphate, and daughter of Usman dan Fodio. Her teaching networks carried the caliphate's reform ideals to women and local communities.
Adamawa Emirate: A nineteenth-century emirate in the eastern Sokoto Caliphate, centered in the region of present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. It was one of the major successor polities founded through jihad-era expansion.
Usman dan Fodio: A Fulani Islamic scholar and reformer who led the Sokoto jihad and became its principal theorist. His preaching and leadership turned reform into a movement against established rulers.
Sarkin Gobir Yunfa: The ruler of Gobir whose conflict with Usman dan Fodio precipitated the outbreak of the Sokoto jihad. His confrontation with the reformers became a direct trigger for war.
Muhammad Bello: A scholar and ruler who succeeded his father Usman dan Fodio as sultan of Sokoto in 1817. He consolidated the state and recorded its history and political thought.
Nupe Kingdom: A state in the middle Niger region that became linked to the Sokoto Caliphate through nineteenth-century conquest and political change. Jihad-era expansion reshaped Nupe politics and connected the region to the caliphate.
Jihad: An Islamic concept of striving that can encompass personal devotion, social reform, or armed struggle. The movement invoked armed jihad as a basis for challenging Muslim rulers.
Fulani people: A widely dispersed West African people with diverse pastoral, agricultural, and urban livelihoods. Fulani communities supplied many leaders and followers, though the movement crossed ethnic lines.

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