G. W. F. Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher whose idealist system interpreted reality and history as the development of Spirit through changing forms of thought and social life.

Absolute idealism: A philosophical view that reality forms an intelligible whole grounded in mind or Spirit. Hegel’s system is its most influential expression.
Science of Logic: Hegel’s account of how the categories of thought develop from being through increasingly concrete concepts. It presents the systematic movement of concepts without beginning from empirical experience.
Immanuel Kant: A German philosopher who argued that human cognition structures experience and that reason has limits. Hegel transforms Kant’s account of reason while rejecting its separation of appearances from things-in-themselves.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The German philosopher whose idealist system interpreted reality and history through the development of Spirit. This alternate full-name form identifies the same philosopher, not a separate thinker.
Transcendental idealism: Kant’s view that experience is structured by conditions supplied by the knowing subject. Hegel argues that thought’s categories develop historically rather than remain fixed conditions of experience.
Dialectic: A method or structure of reasoning in which tensions lead to conceptual change. Hegelian development proceeds through conflicts internal to concepts and institutions.
Phenomenology of Spirit: Hegel’s 1807 account of consciousness’s path from sense-certainty to absolute knowing. It dramatizes the failures through which consciousness advances toward a fuller understanding.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte: A German idealist philosopher who made the self’s activity central to the structure of experience. His account of self-positing shaped the idealist debates Hegel sought to surpass.
Ludwig Feuerbach: A German philosopher who interpreted religion as the projection of human qualities onto a divine being. Feuerbach redirected Hegelian idealism toward human beings and material life.
Empiricism: The view that knowledge derives primarily from sensory experience. Hegel rejects the idea that isolated sensations can provide self-sufficient foundations for knowledge.

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