Gall–Peters projection

A cylindrical equal-area map projection with standard parallels at 45° north and south. It preserves relative area while distorting shapes, especially near the poles.

Cylindrical equal-area projection: A map projection that maps meridians to parallel straight lines while preserving area through latitude-dependent vertical scaling. The Gall–Peters projection is a specific cylindrical equal-area projection.
Mercator projection: A cylindrical conformal map projection that preserves local angles but greatly enlarges areas toward the poles. It preserves local shape rather than area, the reverse of Gall–Peters’s defining trade-off.
James Gall: A Scottish clergyman and amateur astronomer who introduced the orthographic and stereographic cylindrical projections. He described the cylindrical equal-area projection later associated with his name.
Cartography: The practice and study of making and interpreting maps. The projection’s adoption debates belong to the wider practice of representing geographic space.
Map projection: A mathematical transformation that represents positions on a curved surface on a flat map. Its distortions arise from transforming Earth’s curved surface into a plane.
Robinson projection: A compromise world map projection designed to balance distortions in shape, area, distance, and direction. It sacrifices exact area preservation to produce a visually balanced world map.
Arno Peters: A German historian who promoted an equal-area world map projection in the twentieth century. His advocacy made the projection widely known as the Peters projection.
Cognitive map: A mental representation of spatial relationships among places and features. World-map choices can shape how people imagine the relative size and position of regions.
Standard parallel: A latitude at which a map projection’s scale is true along a selected line. Its two standard parallels, at 45° north and south, set the projection’s scale.
Mollweide projection: An equal-area pseudocylindrical projection commonly used for maps of the whole world. It also preserves area but uses an oval outline instead of a cylindrical grid.

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