Garden city movement

The garden city movement advocated planned, self-contained towns that combined urban jobs and services with green space and access to the countryside.

Garden city: A planned settlement intended to combine urban amenities with rural surroundings and a lasting green belt. The movement’s central proposal took this form, with a defined population and protected surrounding land.
Ebenezer Howard: An English social reformer whose 1898 book proposed the garden city model. Howard formulated the movement’s influential plan and organized its early institutions.
Raymond Unwin: An English architect and town planner who designed Letchworth Garden City and Hampstead Garden Suburb. Unwin translated garden-city ideals into influential plans and housing designs.
Letchworth Garden City: A town in Hertfordshire, England, founded in 1903 as the first garden city. Letchworth was the movement’s first major attempt to realize Howard’s plan.
New towns movement: A planning movement that created purpose-built settlements to manage urban growth and population distribution. Garden-city advocacy helped establish the case for building new settlements rather than expanding existing cities.
Green belt: A protected band of open land that limits urban expansion and preserves countryside near a settlement. Green belts were meant to stop a garden city merging into neighboring towns.
To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform: Ebenezer Howard’s 1898 book outlining a scheme for garden cities and social reform. This book set out the movement’s core proposal before its title was revised in 1902.
Barry Parker: An English architect and town planner who collaborated with Raymond Unwin on garden-city projects. Parker helped design Letchworth and Hampstead Garden Suburb with Unwin.
Welwyn Garden City: A town in Hertfordshire, England, founded in 1920 as a garden city. Welwyn was a second major experiment, shaped by lessons from Letchworth.
Town and Country Planning Act 1947: A British law that established comprehensive planning controls and nationalized development rights in England and Wales. Postwar planning drew on ideas of planned growth and controlled urban expansion associated with garden cities.

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