Knowra Gender Gender Gender comprises social roles, identities, and meanings associated with sex categories. Its forms vary across cultures and individuals and change over time.
Sex : Biological traits, including reproductive anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones, commonly used to classify people as female, male, or intersex. Gender meanings are often linked to sex categories, but the two are not identical.
Gender socialization : The process through which people learn norms, behaviors, and expectations associated with gender. Families, schools, peers, and media transmit gendered expectations across generations.
John Money : An American psychologist and sexologist who introduced influential terminology distinguishing gender roles from biological sex. His work helped establish gender as a concept distinct from bodily sex, though some of his research was unethical.
Gender inequality : Unequal access to resources, opportunities, status, or power associated with gender. Gender categories shape disparities in work, safety, education, and political representation.
Cisgender : Describes people whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth. The term contrasts with transgender and clarifies that gender alignment is not universal.
Gender identity : A person's deeply held sense of their own gender, which may or may not match sex assigned at birth. Identity is one part of gender, distinct from social roles and expectations.
Gender performativity : Judith Butler's account of gender as produced through repeated acts that make social norms appear natural. It explains how repeated behaviors can sustain gender categories without expressing a fixed essence.
Robert Stoller : An American psychiatrist whose work helped develop the distinction between gender identity and biological sex. His studies shaped clinical and scholarly discussions of gender identity.
Gender pay gap : The difference in average earnings between groups of different genders, measured in a specified population and period. It is a measurable outcome of gendered labor markets and social arrangements.
Transgender : Describes people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. Transgender lives demonstrate that gender identity cannot be inferred reliably from assigned sex.
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