Genotype

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism or the alleles it carries at specified loci. It contrasts with phenotype, the observable traits produced through gene expression and environmental effects.

Gene: A gene is a DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product or regulates its production. Genotypes specify which versions of genes an organism carries.
Mendelian inheritance: Mendelian inheritance describes the transmission of alleles according to segregation and independent assortment. These rules predict how alleles in parental genotypes pass to offspring.
Phenotype: A phenotype is an organism’s observable or measurable characteristics, shaped by genotype and environment. The same genotype can produce different phenotypes, and different genotypes can produce similar ones.
Genotyping: Genotyping is the process of determining which genetic variants an individual carries at selected loci. It produces a partial genotype record from biological samples.
Allele: An allele is one of the alternative forms of a genetic sequence at a particular locus. The alleles present at a locus are the basic units used to describe many genotypes.
Meiosis: Meiosis is cell division that produces haploid cells with recombined sets of chromosomes. It separates and reshuffles alleles as gametes form.
Gene expression: Gene expression is the process by which information in a gene produces RNA or a functional product. Expression helps connect genotype to phenotype but is not itself the genotype.
Genome-wide association study: A genome-wide association study tests genetic variants across many individuals for statistical links to traits or diseases. It compares genotypes across populations to find variants associated with traits.
Locus: A locus is a specific position or region in a genome. Genotype descriptions identify alleles by the loci where they occur.
Recombination: Recombination is the exchange or reassortment of genetic material that creates new allele combinations. It can produce offspring genotypes unlike either parental chromosome combination.

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