Geoeconomics

Geoeconomics is the use of economic instruments and geographic strategies by states to pursue geopolitical goals and influence global power.

Economic statecraft: The use of economic means by governments to pursue foreign-policy objectives. Geoeconomics is a form of statecraft that makes economic relations instruments of power.
Belt and Road Initiative: China’s global infrastructure and connectivity program, launched in 2013. It uses investment and transport links to deepen China’s economic relationships abroad.
Geopolitics: The study of how geography shapes political power and relations among states. Geoeconomics foregrounds economic instruments within geopolitical competition.
Edward Luttwak: An American strategist and historian who wrote about the relationship between economics and conflict. His 1990 essay helped popularize geoeconomics as competition through commercial methods.
Economic sanctions: Government-imposed restrictions on trade, finance, or other economic activity intended to change another actor’s behavior. Sanctions turn access to markets and finance into coercive leverage.
Critical minerals: Minerals considered essential to economies or security and vulnerable to supply disruption. Control of concentrated mineral supplies can confer leverage over strategic industries.
Globalization: The growth of cross-border connections among economies, societies, and political systems. Globalization describes integration; geoeconomics examines how states use that integration strategically.
The End of History and the Last Man: Francis Fukuyama’s 1992 book on liberal democracy’s ideological position after the Cold War. Its post-Cold War context sharpened debate over whether economic rivalry would replace military competition.
Export control: Government restrictions on the transfer of goods, software, or technology across borders. Controls can deny rivals strategically important technologies and inputs.
Semiconductor industry: The global industry that designs and manufactures integrated circuits and related technologies. Its concentrated expertise and production make chips a central arena of strategic competition.

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Sovereign wealth fundRelated: State investment can blur the boundary between commercial decisions and national strategy.