Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher whose idealist system treated reality, thought, and history as developing through internally related processes.

German Idealism: A philosophical movement that makes mind, reason, or spirit central to understanding reality. Hegel’s philosophy is its most comprehensive and influential system.
The Science of Logic: Hegel’s work tracing the development of basic categories of thought, from being to the absolute idea. It presents the systematic movement of concepts that underlies Hegel’s philosophy.
French Revolution: A political revolution beginning in 1789 that ended the French monarchy and transformed European politics. Hegel welcomed its demand for freedom while confronting the violence of revolutionary politics.
Karl Marx: A German philosopher and political economist who developed a critique of capitalism and historical materialism. Marx retained Hegel’s account of development while grounding it in material social relations.
Hegelianism: Philosophical approaches that draw on Hegel’s account of dialectical development and systematic knowledge. The movement’s competing interpretations extend far beyond Hegel’s own school.
Immanuel Kant: An Enlightenment philosopher who argued that the mind actively structures experience and set limits on knowledge. Hegel builds on Kant’s account of reason while rejecting its sharp divisions.
Phenomenology of Spirit: Hegel’s account of consciousness passing through forms of experience toward philosophical knowledge. It dramatizes how failed forms of knowing give way to more adequate ones.
Johann Gottlieb Fichte: A German idealist philosopher who made the self’s activity central to the structure of experience. Fichte’s account of subjectivity shaped the philosophical debate Hegel sought to surpass.
Alexandre Kojève: A Russian-born French philosopher whose lectures made Hegel central to twentieth-century French thought. His influential reading emphasized desire, recognition, and the end of history.
Marxism: A tradition of social and political thought derived from Marx’s critique of capitalism and class society. Marxism inherits and transforms Hegelian ideas about contradiction and historical change.

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