George II of Greece

George II was king of Greece from 1922 to 1924 and from 1935 to 1947. His reign was interrupted by republican rule and exile, and later encompassed dictatorship, German occupation, and civil conflict.

Constantine I of Greece: King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and 1920 to 1922, whose reign was shaped by conflict over Greece’s role in World War I. George II succeeded his father after Constantine’s second reign ended in 1922.
Metaxas regime: The authoritarian Greek government led by Ioannis Metaxas from 1936 until Greece’s defeat by Germany in 1941. George supported Metaxas’s appointment and continued as king under the regime.
Eleftherios Venizelos: A Greek liberal statesman who served repeatedly as prime minister and advocated a republic during periods of conflict with the monarchy. Venizelos’s republican movement helped end George’s first reign.
Second Hellenic Republic: The Greek republic established in 1924 and ended by the restoration of the monarchy in 1935. Its establishment ended George’s first reign, while its collapse enabled his return.
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922): A war between Greece and the Turkish national movement that ended in Greek defeat and a population exchange. Its defeat precipitated the political crisis surrounding George’s accession.
Greek-Italian War: The war between Greece and Fascist Italy that began with Italy’s invasion in October 1940. George remained head of state as Greece resisted Italy’s invasion.
Ioannis Metaxas: A Greek general and politician who became prime minister in 1936 and established an authoritarian regime. George appointed Metaxas prime minister and backed the suspension of parliament.
Greek referendum of 1935: A disputed Greek vote that endorsed restoring the monarchy and bringing George II back to the throne. The referendum supplied the formal basis for George’s second restoration.
Greek monarchy: The institution of hereditary kingship in Greece, established in 1832 and abolished in 1973. George’s interrupted reign unfolded amid repeated contests over whether Greece should be a kingdom.
Battle of Greece: The 1941 campaign in which German forces invaded Greece and overcame Greek and Allied defenses. The invasion forced George and the government to leave the country.

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