George Lakoff

George Lakoff is an American linguist and cognitive scientist whose work links metaphor and embodied thought to language, reasoning, and political framing.

Conceptual metaphor: A theory that people understand abstract concepts through systematic mappings from more concrete domains. Lakoff helped establish metaphor as a structure of thought, not merely a figure of speech.
Metaphorical mapping: A systematic set of correspondences that links elements in a source domain to elements in a target domain. Lakoff analyzes how mappings such as argument-as-war shape ordinary reasoning and expression.
Mark Johnson: An American philosopher whose work on embodied meaning and metaphor has strongly influenced cognitive linguistics. Johnson coauthored major works with Lakoff on metaphor, embodiment, and the mind.
Moral Politics: George Lakoff’s account of American political ideologies as structured by competing models of family-based morality. This book applies his theories of metaphor and framing to conservative and progressive politics.
Metaphors We Live By: A 1980 book by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson arguing that metaphor structures everyday thought and action. This book brought their account of conceptual metaphor to a broad academic and public audience.
Embodied cognition: The view that cognition is shaped by the body’s capacities, actions, and interactions with the environment. Lakoff grounds many abstract concepts in bodily experience and sensorimotor systems.
Source domain: The concrete or familiar domain that supplies structure for understanding another conceptual domain. In conceptual metaphor theory, bodily and spatial experience often supplies the source domain.
Charles Fillmore: An American linguist who developed frame semantics and contributed to the foundations of cognitive linguistics. Fillmore’s account of frames is a key intellectual precursor to Lakoff’s work on language and thought.
Don't Think of an Elephant!: George Lakoff’s guide to political framing, first published in 2004. It turns his analysis of frames into advice for political communication.
Philosophy in the Flesh: A 1999 book by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson presenting an embodied account of mind and philosophical ideas. It extends Lakoff’s account from language into philosophy, reason, and human understanding.

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