George Whitefield

George Whitefield (1714–1770) was an Anglican cleric and evangelist whose itinerant preaching helped spark the eighteenth-century religious revival known as the Great Awakening.

John Wesley: John Wesley was an Anglican cleric who founded the Methodist movement with his brother Charles. Wesley was Whitefield’s fellow Oxford Methodist and later a theological rival over predestination.
Great Awakening: The Great Awakening was a series of Protestant revivals in the eighteenth-century British colonies and Britain. Whitefield’s tours became one of the revival’s most visible and influential features.
Itinerant ministry: Itinerant ministry is religious work conducted by traveling preachers who serve multiple communities. Whitefield’s constant travel made his preaching a regional and transatlantic phenomenon.
Calvinism: Calvinism is a Protestant theological tradition that emphasizes divine sovereignty and predestination. Whitefield’s Calvinist convictions shaped his disputes with Wesley about election and grace.
Jonathan Edwards: Jonathan Edwards was a New England theologian and pastor associated with the First Great Awakening. Edwards’s revival leadership overlapped with Whitefield’s American preaching tours.
Open-air preaching: Open-air preaching is the delivery of religious sermons in public outdoor spaces. Whitefield preached outdoors when churches could not contain the crowds or barred him from their pulpits.
Field preaching: Field preaching is the delivery of sermons to outdoor crowds, often beyond the boundaries of established churches. Whitefield used it to address crowds too large for churches and audiences excluded from them.
Arminianism: Arminianism is a Protestant theological tradition that emphasizes human response to prevenient grace. Wesley’s Arminian theology opposed Whitefield’s Calvinist account of predestination.
Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon: Selina Hastings was an English religious patron who supported evangelical clergy and founded a dissenting college. Her patronage sustained Whitefield’s chapels, preaching, and missionary work.
Bristol coal miners: Bristol coal miners were workers whom Whitefield addressed in open-air sermons during his early revival campaigns. His sermons to miners helped establish his reputation for reaching large audiences beyond church walls.

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