Georgian Civil War

A series of armed conflicts in Georgia from 1991 to 1993 involving the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, factional fighting, and separatist wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The process that ended the Soviet Union as a sovereign state in December 1991. The collapse left Georgia newly independent and intensified struggles over its government and borders.
Eduard Shevardnadze: A Soviet foreign minister who returned to Georgia in 1992 and became its head of state. He led the government that replaced Gamsakhurdia’s rule and faced the continuing wars.
1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état: The armed overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia in Tbilisi in December 1991 and January 1992. It began the struggle between Gamsakhurdia’s supporters and the new authorities.
Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia: The forced displacement and killing of ethnic Georgians during and after the Abkhazian War. The 1993 defeat of Georgian forces was followed by mass flight and expulsion from Abkhazia.
Russo-Georgian War: The five-day war between Russia and Georgia in August 2008, fought around South Ossetia and Abkhazia. It was a later interstate war, distinct from the early-1990s internal and separatist conflicts.
Georgian independence referendum, 1991: A March 1991 vote in which Georgian voters overwhelmingly supported restoring national independence. Independence reshaped political authority while leaving disputes over Georgia’s territorial status unresolved.
Tengiz Kitovani: A Georgian military commander who led the National Guard during the overthrow of Gamsakhurdia. His armed forces were central to the coup and the subsequent struggle for control.
Tbilisi War: The December 1991–January 1992 fighting in Tbilisi between government forces and armed opposition groups. Street battles in the capital culminated in Gamsakhurdia’s ouster.
Internally displaced persons in Georgia: People forced to leave their homes within Georgia, especially by the wars in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The conflicts created large displaced populations who could not return to their homes.
Georgia: A country in the South Caucasus, bordered by Russia, Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The civil war unfolded amid the formation of the modern Georgian state.

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War in AbkhaziaRelated: The coup against Gamsakhurdia weakened Georgia as it fought in Abkhazia.