Gluon

A massless elementary particle that carries the strong interaction between quarks. Gluons also interact with one another, giving rise to much of the strong force’s distinctive behavior.

Quantum chromodynamics: The quantum field theory describing quarks, gluons, and the strong interaction. It is the theory in which gluons are the force-carrying fields.
Quark: An elementary fermion that carries color charge and combines with other quarks to form hadrons. Quarks are the particles whose strong interactions are mediated by gluons.
Photon: The massless gauge boson that carries the electromagnetic interaction. Unlike gluons, photons carry no electric charge and do not directly interact with one another.
Deep inelastic scattering: A high-energy scattering process used to probe the internal structure of protons and other hadrons. Measurements of its cross sections reveal gluon distributions inside protons.
Murray Gell-Mann: A physicist who developed the quark model and helped establish the classification of hadrons. The quark model made a force binding colored quarks necessary.
Color charge: The charge associated with the strong interaction, carried by quarks and gluons. Gluons carry color charge, unlike photons, and therefore interact with one another.
Hadron: A composite particle made of quarks bound by the strong interaction. Gluons bind the quarks inside this broader family of particles.
W and Z bosons: Massive gauge bosons that mediate the weak interaction. Their mass and weak-interaction role contrast with the massless gluons of the strong interaction.
Parton distribution function: A function describing the probability of finding a parton with a given momentum fraction inside a hadron. The gluon distribution is essential for predicting proton-collision outcomes.
Harald Fritzsch: A theoretical physicist who helped formulate quantum chromodynamics and the gluon concept. His work helped develop gluons as the carriers of the color force.

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