Knowra Glutathione Glutathione Glutathione is a tripeptide made from glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. Its reduced form donates electrons to help protect cellular molecules from oxidation and maintain redox balance.
Reduced glutathione : The electron-donating form of glutathione, abbreviated GSH, with a reactive cysteine thiol group. GSH supplies the electrons behind glutathione’s antioxidant activity.
Glutamate : An amino acid and major excitatory neurotransmitter that also serves as a metabolic intermediate. Glutamate forms the first residue in glutathione’s unusual peptide linkage.
Glutathione assay : A laboratory method for measuring reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, or their ratio in a sample. Assays quantify the glutathione pool and its oxidation state.
Oxidative stress : A state in which oxidant production overwhelms antioxidant defenses, disrupting cellular molecules and processes. Glutathione helps buffer oxidants, but its defenses can be overwhelmed.
Ascorbic acid : A water-soluble antioxidant, also called vitamin C, that participates in several cellular redox reactions. Glutathione can help restore oxidized ascorbate to its active form.
Glutathione disulfide : The oxidized form of glutathione, abbreviated GSSG, formed when two glutathione molecules bond through sulfur atoms. GSSG is the product left after glutathione donates electrons.
Cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid whose thiol group can participate in redox reactions and form disulfide bonds. Its reactive sulfur is the site of glutathione’s electron donation.
N-acetylcysteine : A cysteine derivative used as a medicine and as a precursor for cellular glutathione synthesis. It can supply cysteine when glutathione production needs support.
Ferroptosis : A regulated form of cell death driven by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. Glutathione-dependent glutathione peroxidase 4 suppresses the lipid damage that drives ferroptosis.
Thioredoxin : A small redox protein that reduces disulfide bonds in target proteins using cysteine residues. It is a parallel cellular reducing system with protein targets and distinct enzymes.
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