Glyoxylic acid

Glyoxylic acid is the simplest aldehyde-carboxylic acid, with formula C₂H₂O₃. Its aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups make it a reactive intermediate in organic and biological chemistry.

Glyoxylate: Glyoxylate is the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, formed by loss of a proton from its carboxyl group. At physiological pH, glyoxylic acid is chiefly present as this ion.
Glyoxylate cycle: The glyoxylate cycle is a metabolic pathway that converts acetyl-CoA into four-carbon compounds without losing carbon as carbon dioxide. Glyoxylate is a central intermediate in this carbon-conserving pathway.
Molecular formula: A molecular formula states the number of atoms of each element in one molecule. C₂H₂O₃ summarizes glyoxylic acid’s elemental composition.
Oxidation of glyoxal: Oxidation of glyoxal converts one or both of its aldehyde groups into carboxylic acid groups. Controlled oxidation of glyoxal can produce glyoxylic acid.
Glyoxylate oxidase: Glyoxylate oxidase is an enzyme activity that oxidizes glyoxylate, commonly producing oxalate and hydrogen peroxide. This reaction is a route from glyoxylate to oxalate in plant tissues.
Glyoxylate hydrate: Glyoxylate hydrate is the water-addition form of glyoxylate, with water bonded to its aldehyde carbon. Water adds reversibly to the aldehyde group, affecting glyoxylate’s solution chemistry.
Glyoxylate shunt: The glyoxylate shunt is the bypass of carbon-losing steps in the tricarboxylic acid cycle through isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. It channels carbon through glyoxylate during growth on acetate and related substrates.
Structural formula: A structural formula represents how atoms are connected within a molecule. The connectivity distinguishes glyoxylic acid’s aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups.
Glyoxal: Glyoxal is the simplest dialdehyde, with formula C₂H₂O₂. It is a related two-carbon compound and a precursor in some glyoxylic acid preparations.
Glycolic aciduria: Glycolic aciduria is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by elevated glycolic acid in urine. Altered glyoxylate metabolism can accompany this disorder.

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