Golden Horde

The Golden Horde was a Mongol state that ruled much of Eastern Europe and western Siberia from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. It was the northwestern part of the Mongol Empire and later became an independent khanate.

Mongol Empire: A vast empire founded by Genghis Khan that stretched across Asia and into Europe during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The Golden Horde began as the empire’s northwestern division.
Genghis Khan: The founder of the Mongol Empire, who united Mongol tribes and ruled from 1206 until 1227. His conquests and allocation of territories shaped the Horde’s origins.
Berke: A Golden Horde khan who ruled from about 1257 to 1266 and was the first Mongol ruler to adopt Islam. His reign strengthened the Horde and brought it into conflict with the Ilkhanate.
Mongol–Tatar yoke: A traditional Russian historical term for Mongol and Golden Horde domination of Rus' principalities. It names the period of subordination associated with the Horde’s rule over Rus'.
Ilkhanate: A Mongol dynasty and state that ruled much of Iran and neighboring regions from the thirteenth to the fourteenth century. It was a separate imperial successor state and a rival of the Golden Horde.
Jochi: The eldest son of Genghis Khan and ancestor of the rulers of the Golden Horde. His appanage in the western steppe became the territorial basis of the Horde.
Jochi Ulus: The western Mongol imperial domain assigned to Jochi and his descendants, from which the Golden Horde developed. The Horde emerged as the political successor to this ulus.
Öz Beg Khan: A Golden Horde khan who ruled from 1313 to 1341 and promoted Islam across his realm. His long reign marked the Horde’s political and religious consolidation.
Grand Duchy of Moscow: A medieval principality centered on Moscow that grew into the leading power of northeastern Rus'. Moscow’s princes gained influence partly by collecting tribute for the Horde.
Chagatai Khanate: A Mongol khanate in Central Asia formed from the territories assigned to Chagatai, a son of Genghis Khan. Its Central Asian domain contrasted with the Horde’s western Eurasian territories.

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