Grace Hopper

Grace Hopper was an American computer scientist and U.S. Navy rear admiral who helped develop the first compiler and popularize machine-independent programming languages.

Compiler: A program that translates source code into another form, commonly machine code. Her early compiler work helped establish translation as a practical alternative to writing machine instructions directly.
A-0 System: An early compiler developed by Grace Hopper's team for the UNIVAC I. It translated mathematical notation and subroutines into machine code, demonstrating compiler-based programming.
United States Navy: The maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces. Hopper served in the Navy, where her rank and technical work became closely connected.
John Mauchly: An American physicist who co-designed the ENIAC and co-founded the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation. Hopper worked at the company Mauchly co-founded while developing early compiler systems.
Computer bug: An error or defect in a computer system or program. Hopper helped popularize the term after a moth was found in a Harvard Mark II relay.
COBOL: A programming language designed for business data processing, standardized in 1960. Hopper promoted English-like, machine-independent programming; COBOL embodied those aims.
UNIVAC I: The first commercially produced computer in the United States. Hopper developed A-0 for this machine while working at Remington Rand.
Harvard Mark I: An electromechanical computer completed at Harvard University in 1944. Hopper programmed this machine during World War II as a Navy reserve officer.
J. Presper Eckert: An American electrical engineer who co-designed the ENIAC and helped build the UNIVAC I. Hopper joined Eckert's organization and worked on programming systems for UNIVAC.
Harvard Mark II: An electromechanical computer built at Harvard University in the late 1940s. The moth incident associated with Hopper occurred in its relay system in 1947.

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