Grammar (linguistics)

Grammar is the system of patterns and rules that governs how words and phrases form expressions in a language. It includes morphology and syntax.

Morphology (linguistics): The study of how words are formed from meaningful units and how their forms vary. It describes grammatical patterns within words, complementing grammar’s patterns across phrases.
Phrase structure grammar: A family of grammatical theories that represent sentences as hierarchies of nested constituents. It models how grammatical rules build larger phrases from smaller ones.
Descriptive linguistics: The study of how people actually use language, without prescribing how they should use it. It treats grammatical patterns as observed facts rather than rules for correct usage.
Semantics: The study of meaning in words, phrases, and other linguistic expressions. Grammatical structure helps determine how the meanings of words combine.
Corpus linguistics: The study of language using large, systematically collected collections of spoken or written texts. Corpora provide evidence for describing grammatical patterns in actual language use.
Syntax: The study of how words combine into phrases and sentences. It isolates the phrase- and sentence-level patterns that grammar encompasses.
Dependency grammar: A grammatical framework that represents sentence structure through directed relations between words. It models structure through word-to-word dependencies rather than nested phrase units.
Prescriptive grammar: Rules and recommendations that prescribe how language should be used in formal or standard contexts. It differs from linguistic grammar, which describes patterns rather than enforcing standards.
Phonology: The study of the sound systems and sound patterns of languages. Some grammatical features are expressed through systematic changes in sound.
Natural language processing: Methods for enabling computers to analyze, generate, or otherwise process human language. Language-processing systems represent or learn grammatical structure to handle text and speech.

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