Greco-Persian Wars

A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, conventionally dated from the Ionian Revolt in 499 BCE to the Peace of Callias in 449 BCE.

Battle of Marathon: A 490 BCE battle in which an Athenian-led Greek force defeated a Persian expeditionary army. The victory repelled Darius I’s first invasion of mainland Greece.
Achaemenid Empire: The ancient Persian empire founded by Cyrus the Great and ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty. Its imperial reach and resources enabled repeated campaigns against Greece.
Darius I: Achaemenid king of Persia from 522 to 486 BCE who expanded and organized the empire. He launched the expedition against Greece after the Ionian Revolt.
Peace of Callias: A purported agreement between Athens and Persia, conventionally dated to 449 BCE. It marks the conventional endpoint of the Greco-Persian Wars, though its historicity is debated.
Battle of Thermopylae: A 480 BCE battle in which a small Greek force delayed the Persian advance through a narrow pass. Its defeat bought time for Greek preparations against Xerxes’ invasion.
Delian League: An alliance of Greek states led by Athens, founded in 478 BCE to continue fighting Persia. Its fleet and tribute sustained Greek operations after the invasions.
Aristagoras of Miletus: The ruler of Miletus who helped initiate the Ionian Revolt against Persia in 499 BCE. His appeal for support drew Athens and Eretria into the revolt.
Athenian Empire: The sphere of Athenian power built from the Delian League during the fifth century BCE. Athens turned its wartime alliance into lasting political and military control.
Battle of Salamis: A 480 BCE naval battle in which a Greek fleet defeated the Persian fleet near Athens. The Greek victory disrupted Xerxes’ supply and command at sea.
Greek trireme: A fast ancient warship propelled by three banks of oars on each side. Triremes gave Greek forces the speed and maneuverability used at Salamis.

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