Greek monarchy

Greek monarchy was the hereditary kingship established in independent Greece in 1832 and abolished by the military regime in 1973; a 1974 referendum confirmed the republic.

London Protocol (1832): A treaty that established an independent Greek state and selected Prince Otto of Bavaria as its ruler. It created the international framework for Greece’s first king.
Constitution of Greece: The supreme legal framework governing Greece’s institutions and citizens. Constitutional revisions repeatedly redefined the king’s formal powers.
Constantine I of Greece: King of Greece during 1913–1917 and 1920–1922, whose reign was marked by conflict over World War I policy. His clash with Venizelos helped trigger the National Schism.
Greek junta: The military dictatorship that governed Greece from 1967 to 1974. It declared the monarchy abolished in 1973 while Constantine II remained in exile.
Otto of Greece: The Bavarian prince who became Greece’s first king, ruling from 1832 until his deposition in 1862. His absolutist rule provoked the revolt that ended the first dynasty.
Crown Council of Greece: A constitutional advisory body comprising the king, the prime minister, and former prime ministers. It was intended to advise the monarch during political crises.
Eleftherios Venizelos: A Greek statesman who served repeatedly as prime minister and led major political and military reforms. His rivalry with Constantine I made the crown a central political issue.
Metapolitefsi: Greece’s transition from military dictatorship to democracy in 1974. The transition enabled a free referendum on the monarchy’s restoration.
Greek Revolution of 3 September 1843: A military and popular uprising in Athens that forced Otto to grant Greece a constitution. It curtailed royal authority and began constitutional monarchy.
Greek National Schism: The political and social division between supporters of King Constantine I and Eleftherios Venizelos during World War I. The conflict exposed how royal influence could collide with parliamentary government.

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