Greek War of Independence

The Greek uprising against Ottoman rule from 1821 to 1829 that led to the establishment of an independent Greek state.

Filiki Eteria: A secret society founded in 1814 to organize a Greek uprising against Ottoman rule. Its organizers helped launch the revolt in 1821.
Greek Enlightenment: An intellectual movement that spread Enlightenment ideas among Greek-speaking communities in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Its writing helped frame national independence as a political possibility.
Theodoros Kolokotronis: A Greek military leader who commanded forces in the Peloponnese during the War of Independence. His campaigns and political influence helped sustain the revolution's main stronghold.
Philhellenism: Admiration for Greek culture and support for Greek political independence, especially among Europeans in the nineteenth century. Foreign volunteers and public opinion helped press governments to intervene.
Greek Declaration of Independence: A political declaration issued by Greek revolutionaries in January 1822, asserting independence from the Ottoman Empire. It gave the uprising a formal claim to sovereign statehood.
Rigas Feraios: A Greek writer and revolutionary who promoted Balkan liberation from Ottoman rule in the late eighteenth century. His republican vision became an influential precursor to the uprising.
Alexandros Mavrokordatos: A Greek statesman who led revolutionary governments and represented the cause in diplomacy. He helped shape the uprising's political institutions and foreign relations.
Treaty of London (1827): An agreement by Britain, France, and Russia to seek an armistice and autonomous status for Greece. Its enforcement led directly to the allied naval intervention at Navarino.
Greek Civil Wars of 1823–1825: Two armed conflicts among Greek factions during the War of Independence. Internal fighting weakened the revolutionary government while Ottoman forces pressed the revolt.
Greek diaspora: Greek communities living outside the lands of the Ottoman Empire, especially in Europe and the Mediterranean. Diaspora merchants and intellectuals supported revolutionary organizing and fundraising.

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