Green growth

Green growth is an economic strategy that seeks continued economic expansion while reducing environmental impacts and resource use.

Decoupling (economics): A reduction in the relationship between economic output and environmental pressure. Green growth depends on decoupling output from emissions and resource use.
Degrowth: A planned reduction of energy and material throughput intended to improve well-being within ecological limits. Degrowth disputes green growth's premise that environmental pressures can fall while economies keep expanding.
Green New Deal: A policy framework linking climate action and environmental investment with employment and social reform. It applies green-growth logic by pairing decarbonization with economic development goals.
Absolute decoupling: A fall in environmental pressure while economic output rises. This is the demanding form of decoupling needed for growth alongside lower total impacts.
Planetary boundaries: A framework identifying Earth-system processes with proposed limits for maintaining a stable environment. Green growth is judged against whether economic expansion respects these proposed ecological limits.
Environmental Kuznets curve: A proposed inverted-U relationship between income per person and certain forms of environmental degradation. It predicts some impacts may fall as incomes rise, but does not establish that growth reliably cleans the environment.
Steady-state economy: An economy designed to maintain stable stocks of population and physical wealth within ecological limits. It favors a stable scale of economic activity rather than continued aggregate growth.
European Green Deal: The European Union's policy program for climate neutrality, resource efficiency, and economic transformation. It makes growth-compatible environmental transition an explicit regional policy agenda.
Relative decoupling: A slower rise in environmental pressure than in economic output, while total pressure still increases. It can improve environmental intensity without achieving green growth's desired absolute reductions.
Material footprint: The global extraction of raw materials attributable to a country's final demand. It reveals resource use embodied in imports that domestic indicators may overlook.

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