Grigory Zinoviev

Grigory Zinoviev was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician who led the Communist International and headed the Leningrad party organization.

Vladimir Lenin: Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionary who led the Bolshevik party and the Soviet government after the 1917 Revolution. Zinoviev worked closely with Lenin, despite opposing the timing of the October insurrection.
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party: The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was a Marxist political party founded in 1898 to organize workers against the tsarist system. Zinoviev entered revolutionary politics through this party and its Bolshevik faction.
Communist International: The Communist International was an organization founded in 1919 to coordinate communist parties and promote world revolution. Zinoviev served as its first chairman and helped direct its early strategy.
New Economic Policy: The New Economic Policy was a Soviet policy that restored limited market exchange after the economic crises of war communism. Zinoviev’s political fortunes were bound to disputes over the Soviet state’s economic direction.
War Communism: War Communism was the Bolshevik government’s policy of centralized control and requisitioning during the Russian Civil War. Its economic pressures formed a backdrop to the policy debates among Zinoviev and other leaders.
Joseph Stalin: Joseph Stalin was a Soviet revolutionary and political leader who ruled the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until 1953. Stalin allied with Zinoviev against Trotsky, then helped remove Zinoviev from power.
Bolsheviks: The Bolsheviks were the revolutionary faction of Russian Marxists that seized power in October 1917. Zinoviev became a leading Bolshevik organizer and later governed within the party-state.
Leningrad: Leningrad was the name of Saint Petersburg from 1924 to 1991 and a major Soviet industrial and political center. Zinoviev headed the party organization in this city, then called Petrograd.
United Opposition: The United Opposition was a Soviet faction formed in 1926 by Trotsky, Zinoviev, and their allies against Stalin’s leadership. Zinoviev joined Trotsky after their earlier rivalry, challenging Stalin’s control of the party.
Permanent Revolution: Permanent revolution is Trotsky’s theory that socialist revolution must spread internationally to survive and complete its aims. Zinoviev’s changing alliance with Trotsky exposed disagreements over revolutionary strategy.

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Bolshevik RevolutionRelated: His opposition reveals that the party’s decision to rise was contested internally.