Ground reaction force

Ground reaction force is the contact force a surface exerts on a body pressing against it. It is equal and opposite to the body's force on the surface.

Newton's third law: Forces between two interacting bodies are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The body's force on the surface is paired with the surface's ground reaction force.
Gait analysis: The measurement and interpretation of walking patterns and their underlying mechanics. Force-time patterns distinguish loading and push-off across the walking cycle.
Contact mechanics: The study of forces and deformation where bodies touch. Ground reaction force is the resultant force transmitted across a body-surface contact.
Weight: The gravitational force exerted on a body by a celestial object. Weight acts downward on the body, while the ground reaction force is exerted upward or sideways by contact.
Normal force: The component of a contact force perpendicular to the contacting surface. It supports the body against the surface and contributes to vertical ground reaction force.
Biomechanics of running: The study of forces, motion, and energy in running. Running studies use ground reaction forces to quantify impact and propulsion.
Free-body diagram: A diagram showing the external forces acting on an isolated body. It makes the surface force explicit alongside gravity and other external forces.
Air resistance: The force opposing an object's motion through air. It acts through fluid drag rather than contact with a supporting surface.
Friction: A contact force that opposes or limits relative motion between surfaces. Its tangential component transmits horizontal ground reaction force during stance.
Vertical jump: A jump in which a person propels the body upward from a surface. Its force-time curve shows how quickly and strongly the legs generate takeoff impulse.

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