Hall effect

The Hall effect is the production of a transverse voltage in a current-carrying conductor or semiconductor exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field. Its polarity reveals the sign of the mobile charge carriers.

Lorentz force: The force on a charged particle due to electric and magnetic fields. Its magnetic component deflects moving charge carriers toward one side of the sample.
Hall-effect sensor: A device that detects magnetic fields by measuring a Hall voltage. It applies the effect to position, speed, and current sensing.
Edwin Hall: An American physicist who discovered the Hall effect in 1879. His experiment established the transverse voltage as a distinct electrical phenomenon.
Anomalous Hall effect: A transverse voltage in a magnetic material arising partly from its magnetization and spin-orbit coupling. Unlike the ordinary effect, it can persist without an externally applied magnetic field.
Hall voltage: The transverse potential difference generated across a current-carrying material in a perpendicular magnetic field. It is the directly measured electrical consequence of charge separation.
Hall probe: A magnetic-field measurement probe containing a Hall element. It uses the field-dependent Hall voltage to measure magnetic flux density.
Hall effect discovery: Edwin Hall’s 1879 experimental observation of a transverse voltage in a current-carrying gold foil. The original experiment showed that magnetic forces act differently on current carriers than classical expectations suggested.
Spin Hall effect: The transverse separation of opposite spin populations driven by spin-orbit interactions. It produces a spin current or accumulation rather than the ordinary charge Hall voltage.
Hall coefficient: A material parameter relating Hall electric field to the product of current density and magnetic field. Its sign and magnitude connect the measured response to carrier type and density.
Carrier concentration: The number of mobile charge carriers per unit volume in a material. The Hall coefficient provides a direct estimate when one carrier type dominates.

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