Hammurabi

Hammurabi was the sixth king of Babylon’s First Dynasty, ruling in the 18th century BCE. His reign is associated with a surviving collection of laws inscribed on a stone monument.

Shamshi-Adad I: A powerful Amorite king who ruled an Upper Mesopotamian kingdom in the early second millennium BCE. His rivalry with Hammurabi helped shape the regional power struggle preceding Babylon’s expansion.
Babylon: An ancient Mesopotamian city on the Euphrates that became the center of a major kingdom and empire. It was Hammurabi’s capital and the base from which he built his kingdom.
Code of Hammurabi: A collection of legal provisions inscribed on a monument commissioned under Hammurabi. It is the surviving work most closely associated with his reign.
Louvre Stele of Hammurabi: A basalt monument bearing the law collection associated with Hammurabi, now held in the Louvre. This is the best-known surviving object associated with the king and his laws.
Zimri-Lim: The last king of Mari, who ruled until Hammurabi conquered the city around 1761 BCE. His alliance with Hammurabi turned into conflict as Babylon expanded westward.
First Babylonian Dynasty: The Amorite dynasty that ruled Babylon from the early second millennium BCE until its fall in 1595 BCE. Hammurabi was its sixth king, and its expansion defined his political setting.
Law in ancient Mesopotamia: The institutions, procedures, and written rules through which Mesopotamian societies handled disputes and offenses. The monument belongs to a broader legal tradition, not a complete modern-style statute book.
Shamash: The Mesopotamian sun god associated with justice and divination. The stele’s relief depicts Hammurabi before Shamash, linking royal law to divine authority.
Samsu-iluna: Hammurabi’s son and successor, who ruled Babylon after his father’s death. His reign shows the political pressures inherited by Hammurabi’s dynasty.
Old Babylonian period: A period of Mesopotamian history in the early second millennium BCE, marked by competing city-states and written scholarship. Hammurabi’s reign belongs to this era of shifting kingdoms and scribal culture.

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