Hanthawaddy Kingdom

A Mon kingdom in Lower Burma, centered on Pegu and active from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. It became a major power in mainland Southeast Asia through trade and military expansion.

Kingdom of Martaban: A Mon polity in Lower Burma that emerged after the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom and preceded Hanthawaddy. Its rulers and territories formed the political foundation for Hanthawaddy.
Razadarit: A Hanthawaddy king who ruled from 1384 to 1421 and consolidated the kingdom during prolonged wars with Ava. His reign established Hanthawaddy as a durable rival to Upper Burma.
Martaban: A historic port in Lower Burma, now known as Mottama, that connected inland routes with maritime trade. Its harbor linked Hanthawaddy’s territory to Indian Ocean commerce.
Fall of Hanthawaddy: The conquest of Hanthawaddy by Toungoo forces in the sixteenth century, culminating in Pegu’s capture in 1539. The kingdom’s defeat transferred Lower Burma to an expanding Burmese dynasty.
Pagan Kingdom: A Burmese kingdom that ruled much of the Irrawaddy basin from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries. Pagan’s collapse created the political opening in which Mon power re-emerged.
Forty Years' War: A prolonged series of conflicts between the kingdoms of Ava and Hanthawaddy from 1385 to 1424. This struggle tested Hanthawaddy’s military resilience and defended its independence.
Indian Ocean trade: A network of maritime exchange linking societies around the Indian Ocean basin. Hanthawaddy’s ports and merchants participated in this wider trading system.
Tabinshwehti: A Toungoo king who conquered Hanthawaddy and made Pegu the center of his expanding empire. His campaigns ended Hanthawaddy’s rule and redirected its capital’s power.
Wareru: A ruler who established an independent Mon kingdom at Martaban in the late thirteenth century. His state became Hanthawaddy’s predecessor in Lower Burma.
Shin Sawbu: A queen of Hanthawaddy who ruled from 1453 to 1472 and supported Buddhist institutions. Her reign brought a notable period of royal patronage and political stability.

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