Knowra Haplodiploidy Haplodiploidy Haplodiploidy is a sex-determination system in which females usually develop from fertilized eggs and males from unfertilized eggs. Females are typically diploid and males haploid.
Arrhenotoky : A reproductive mode in which unfertilized eggs develop into males. This is the common route by which haplodiploid males develop.
Hymenoptera : An insect order that includes ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies. Haplodiploidy is widespread among ants, bees, and wasps, though not universal across the order.
Hamilton's rule : An inequality describing when an altruistic act can spread through natural selection: rb > c. Haplodiploid relatedness once seemed to make this condition unusually favorable for sterile female workers.
XY sex-determination system : A system in which males typically have one X and one Y chromosome and females two X chromosomes. It contrasts with haplodiploidy because sex usually follows sex-chromosome combinations, not fertilization status.
Complementary sex determination : A genetic system in which heterozygosity at one or more sex-determining loci produces females. In some haplodiploid species, fertilized eggs homozygous at sex-determining loci become males.
Honey bee : A eusocial bee species, Apis mellifera, managed worldwide for pollination and honey production. Honey bees are a familiar example of haplodiploid sex determination.
Kin selection : Natural selection acting on traits through their effects on relatives' reproductive success. Haplodiploid inheritance became central to proposed explanations of helping behavior among relatives.
ZW sex-determination system : A system in which females typically have Z and W chromosomes and males have two Z chromosomes. It assigns the heterogametic sex to females, unlike the usual haplodiploid pattern.
Ploidy : The number of complete chromosome sets in a cell or organism. Haplodiploidy links chromosome-set number to the usual difference between female and male development.
Ant : A social insect in the family Formicidae, with colonies organized around queens and workers. Most ants use haplodiploidy, making colonies a prominent setting for its study.
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