Hatred
Hatred is an intense, enduring aversion toward a person, group, or thing, often accompanied by hostility or a desire to harm.
Intergroup threat theory: A theory that explains prejudice as a response to perceived threats posed by other groups. Perceived threats can make hostility toward a group feel defensive or justified.
Anger: An emotion involving displeasure and readiness to respond to a perceived offense or obstacle. Anger often reacts to a particular wrong; hatred tends to persist beyond it.
Hate speech: Expression that attacks or demeans people based on characteristics such as race, religion, or ethnicity. Public expressions of hatred can stigmatize groups and encourage hostility.
Discrimination: Unfair treatment of people based on characteristics such as race, sex, religion, or disability. Hostility toward a group can shape unequal treatment and denied opportunities.
Moral disengagement: Cognitive processes that let people justify harmful conduct while reducing personal moral responsibility. It can loosen restraints against harming a hated target.
Disgust: An aversive response to perceived contamination, offensive qualities, or moral violations. Disgust can add revulsion to hostility toward a person or group.
Hate crime: A criminal act motivated in whole or in part by bias against a protected or targeted group. It is a specific form of harm in which group-directed hatred can be a motive.
Polarization: The division of a society or group into opposing camps with increasingly distant views. Mutual hostility can harden group boundaries and make compromise harder.
Dehumanization: The denial of full humanity to a person or group, often enabling exclusion or violence. Treating targets as less than human can intensify hostility and ease cruelty.
Resentment: Persistent bitterness over a perceived injury, injustice, or insult. Resentment centers on a grievance, while hatred is broader aversion toward its target.