Heat transfer

Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy between systems or regions because of a temperature difference, through conduction, convection, or radiation.

Thermal conduction: Thermal conduction is energy transfer through microscopic interactions within or between materials, without bulk motion of the material. It transfers heat through contact and materials, including solids.
Temperature: Temperature is a physical quantity that indicates the direction of spontaneous thermal energy transfer between systems in contact. A temperature difference is the driving condition for heat transfer.
Heat exchanger: A heat exchanger transfers thermal energy between fluids at different temperatures, usually without mixing them. It applies controlled heat transfer to industrial and domestic processes.
Work (thermodynamics): Work is energy transfer caused by a generalized force acting through a displacement or other macroscopic change. Thermodynamics distinguishes work from heat, which flows because of temperature difference.
Convection: Convection is heat transfer through the bulk movement of a fluid, often accompanied by conduction. It carries heat when a liquid or gas moves.
Thermal energy: Thermal energy is the portion of a system's internal energy associated with the random microscopic motion and interactions of its constituents. Heat transfer changes how thermal energy is distributed between systems.
Thermal insulation: Thermal insulation reduces heat transfer by limiting conduction, convection, or radiation. It slows unwanted heat flow through buildings, equipment, and clothing.
Mass transfer: Mass transfer is the movement of chemical species from one location or phase to another. It can accompany convective heat transfer but moves matter rather than thermal energy alone.
Thermal radiation: Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by matter because of its temperature. It transfers heat without requiring material contact or a medium.
Thermal conductivity: Thermal conductivity measures a material's ability to conduct heat under a temperature gradient. It determines how readily conduction proceeds through a material.

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