Hellenistic Greece

The period of Greek history after Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BCE, when Greek culture spread across successor kingdoms before Roman domination.

Alexander the Great: King of Macedon whose conquests created an empire stretching from Greece to northwestern India. His death in 323 BCE marks the era’s beginning and left his generals to divide his empire.
Koine Greek: The common Greek dialect that spread across the eastern Mediterranean and Near East after Alexander’s conquests. It enabled communication across kingdoms whose populations spoke many languages.
Library of Alexandria: A major royal research and book-collecting institution founded in Ptolemaic Alexandria. It exemplifies the court-sponsored scholarship that flourished in a Hellenistic capital.
Roman conquest of Greece: The process by which Rome subdued the Greek mainland and its kingdoms, culminating in the destruction of Corinth in 146 BCE. It ended the political independence of much of Greece under Roman rule.
Wars of the Diadochi: A series of conflicts among Alexander’s successors over control of his empire. These wars established the rival kingdoms that shaped Hellenistic politics.
Alexandria: A port city in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great and developed as the Ptolemaic capital. Its institutions and commercial reach made it a major hub of Hellenistic life.
Pharos of Alexandria: A monumental lighthouse built on the island of Pharos at Alexandria in the third century BCE. Its construction displays the resources and urban ambition of Ptolemaic Egypt.
Battle of Actium: A naval battle in 31 BCE in which Octavian defeated the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Its outcome led to Roman annexation of Ptolemaic Egypt, the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
Ptolemaic Kingdom: A Hellenistic kingdom based in Egypt, ruled by the dynasty founded by Ptolemy I. It became one of the era’s most powerful successor states and a center of Greek culture.
Hellenistic army: The military forces of Hellenistic kingdoms, combining Macedonian traditions with regional troops and equipment. Armies enforced royal power and moved people and practices between territories.

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