Helmuth von Moltke the Younger

Helmuth von Moltke the Younger was a German general and Chief of the German General Staff from 1906 to 1914. He oversaw Germany’s military planning at the outbreak of World War I.

Alfred von Schlieffen: A German field marshal who led the General Staff from 1891 to 1906 and devised a plan for war against France and Russia. Moltke inherited Schlieffen’s western campaign concept and revised it before 1914.
Schlieffen Plan: A German strategic concept for defeating France quickly before turning east against Russia in a two-front war. Moltke’s 1914 deployment grew from, but differed from, this prewar concept.
Battle of Tannenberg: An August 1914 German victory over Russian forces in East Prussia, associated with Hindenburg and Ludendorff. The eastern victory stood in sharp contrast to the stalled western campaign under Moltke.
Western Front (World War I): The principal theater of fighting between Germany and the Allied powers in France and Belgium during World War I. Moltke’s 1914 campaign helped establish the front that became a prolonged war of attrition.
Kaiser Wilhelm II: The last German emperor, who ruled from 1888 until his abdication in 1918. Moltke served under Wilhelm II, whose authority framed the military leadership’s decisions.
German invasion of Belgium: The 1914 German military invasion of neutral Belgium as part of the advance into France. The invasion implemented the western route central to Moltke’s opening campaign.
First Battle of the Masurian Lakes: A September 1914 German victory that drove Russian forces from much of East Prussia. It unfolded while Moltke struggled to coordinate the wider two-front war.
Race to the Sea: A series of operations in autumn 1914 as German and Allied forces tried to outflank each other toward the North Sea. After the Marne, the campaign shifted into attempts to outflank the opposing armies.
Erich von Falkenhayn: A German general who succeeded Moltke as Chief of the General Staff in September 1914. Falkenhayn took over after Moltke was removed during the opening campaign.
Battle of the Marne: A September 1914 battle in which French and British forces halted the German advance toward Paris. The defeat at the Marne exposed the limits of the campaign Moltke directed.

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