Hindustani

Hindustani is a North Indian language continuum whose colloquial forms include Hindi and Urdu. They share a grammatical core but differ in writing systems and formal vocabulary.

Hindi: Hindi is an Indo-Aryan language written primarily in Devanagari and spoken chiefly in northern India. Its colloquial forms share Hindustani’s grammatical core, while formal Hindi favors Sanskrit-derived vocabulary.
Hindi–Urdu controversy: The Hindi–Urdu controversy was a political and cultural dispute over language, script, and public identity in South Asia. It helped turn related Hindustani registers into increasingly distinct standardized languages.
Delhi Sultanate: The Delhi Sultanate was a series of Muslim-ruled states in northern India from the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries. Its multilingual courts and cities formed part of the historical setting for Indo-Persian language contact.
Bollywood: Bollywood is the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai, India. Its dialogue and songs often use colloquial Hindustani accessible across Hindi–Urdu boundaries.
Sanskritization: Sanskritization is the adoption of Sanskrit-derived vocabulary and forms into a language or register. It characterizes one direction of formal Hindi’s divergence from colloquial Hindustani.
Urdu: Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language written primarily in a Perso-Arabic script and spoken in South Asia. Its colloquial forms share Hindustani’s grammar, while formal Urdu favors Persian- and Arabic-derived vocabulary.
Hindustani grammar: Hindustani grammar is the shared grammatical system underlying colloquial Hindi and Urdu. Common syntax and inflection persist even where formal vocabularies diverge.
Mughal Empire: The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire that ruled much of the Indian subcontinent from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. Its courtly Persianate culture shaped the literary traditions associated with Urdu.
Hindustani classical music: Hindustani classical music is a North Indian tradition of art music organized around raga and tala. Despite the shared name, this musical tradition is distinct from the Hindustani language continuum.
Persianization: Persianization is the adoption of Persian vocabulary, styles, or cultural forms by another language or society. It helps explain the literary and lexical profile of formal Urdu.

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