Histogram (statistics)

A chart of adjacent bars showing how numerical data are distributed across intervals. Each bar represents the frequency or relative frequency of observations within one interval.

Frequency distribution: A summary of how often values or categories occur in a dataset. A histogram is a graphical form of this distribution for grouped numerical values.
Probability density: A function whose value describes probability per unit of a continuous variable. For unequal bin widths, bar area—not height alone—can represent probability.
Exploratory data analysis: The practice of examining and summarizing data to reveal patterns, anomalies, and relationships. Histograms are a standard tool for inspecting a variable’s distribution before modeling.
Bar chart: A chart using separated rectangular bars to compare values across discrete categories. Its gaps signal categories; histogram bars instead represent adjacent numerical intervals.
Bin (statistics): An interval used to group numerical observations in a frequency distribution. Each bar covers one bin, so bin boundaries shape the chart.
Area (statistics): The geometric area of a plotted region, used in statistical graphs to encode quantities. Density histograms scale bar heights so each bar’s area represents frequency or probability.
Statistical process control: Methods for monitoring a process to distinguish routine variation from meaningful change. A process histogram shows the spread and shape of measured output.
Frequency polygon: A line graph connecting frequencies at the midpoints of grouped-data intervals. It depicts the same grouped counts with connected lines instead of adjacent rectangles.
Frequency: The number of times a value or event occurs in a dataset. Bar heights commonly count observations in each interval.
Kernel density estimation: A method for estimating a continuous probability density by smoothing observations with kernels. It offers a smooth alternative to the block-shaped estimate made by bins.

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