History of cities

The study of how cities originated and changed over time, including their populations, institutions, economies, built environments, and ties to surrounding regions.

Urban revolution: The emergence of cities and complex societies from settled agricultural communities. This framework explains the transition from villages to the first urban centers.
Urbanization: The growth in the share or number of people living in urban settlements. Changing urban populations are a central measure of cities' historical expansion.
Athens: An ancient Greek city-state whose political and cultural influence extended across the Mediterranean. Its institutions and public spaces illuminate the city-state as a historical form.
Industrial Revolution: The transformation toward mechanized production that began in Britain in the eighteenth century and spread elsewhere. Industrialization drove rapid urban growth and altered city labor and living conditions.
Rural settlement: A human settlement outside a city, typically characterized by lower density and stronger ties to land-based livelihoods. Its differences in density and livelihood help define the urban condition.
Uruk: An ancient Mesopotamian city that became one of the world's earliest large urban settlements. Its growth provides unusually rich evidence for early urban institutions and scale.
Urban planning: The deliberate organization of land use, infrastructure, and development in urban areas. Plans and regulations reveal how authorities shaped city form.
Rome: The capital of the Roman Empire and a major ancient center of government, trade, and population. Its infrastructure and imperial reach reveal the possibilities and pressures of ancient urban scale.
Public health: The organized protection and improvement of population health through collective measures. Urban crowding and disease prompted new systems of sanitation and health administration.
City-state: A sovereign political unit centered on a city and its surrounding territory. Some cities were themselves political states rather than merely seats of larger governments.

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