History of Peru

The history of Peru spans ancient Andean societies, the Inca Empire, Spanish conquest and colonial rule, independence, and the modern republic.

Caral-Supe civilization: An early civilization on Peru’s north-central coast, known for monumental architecture and dating to the third millennium BCE. Its urban centers show complex society in Peru long before the Inca.
Viceroyalty of Peru: A Spanish colonial administrative division established in 1542, initially governing much of Spanish South America from Lima. Its officials and institutions governed Peru for nearly three centuries.
Pachacuti: The ninth Sapa Inca, traditionally credited with transforming the Inca state into an expanding empire during the fifteenth century. His reign is associated with the state-building that preceded imperial expansion.
Túpac Amaru II rebellion: A widespread Andean uprising against Spanish colonial rule that began in 1780 and was led by Túpac Amaru II. Its anticolonial challenge preceded independence but did not end Spanish rule.
Quechua languages: A family of Indigenous languages originating in the central Andes and spoken across several South American countries. Their survival reflects the persistence of Indigenous communities through conquest and state transformation.
Chavín culture: An influential Andean culture centered at Chavín de Huántar during the first millennium BCE. Its religious art and shared styles reveal early cultural networks across the Andes.
Encomienda: A Spanish colonial system granting settlers claims to Indigenous labor and tribute in return for supposed protection and Christian instruction. It helped impose colonial authority and extract labor from Indigenous communities.
Atahualpa: The Inca ruler captured by Francisco Pizarro in 1532 during the Spanish invasion. His capture became a decisive episode in the fall of Inca authority.
Peruvian Civil War of 1834: A conflict between rival military factions over political authority in the early Peruvian republic. It shows how independence left unresolved struggles over republican leadership.
Indigenous peoples in Peru: The Native peoples of Peru, including Quechua-, Aymara-, and many Amazonian-speaking communities. Their histories and political claims run through every period of the country’s past.

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