History of Romania

The history of Romania traces the peoples, polities, and events of the lands that became modern Romania, from antiquity through the modern state.

Dacia: An ancient kingdom and Roman province occupying much of present-day Romania and nearby regions. Dacian society and its conquest by Rome anchor accounts of the region’s antiquity.
Wallachia: A medieval principality between the Carpathians and the lower Danube, later incorporated into Romania. Its rulers and institutions formed one of the two principalities that united in 1859.
Romanian War of Independence: The 1877–1878 conflict in which Romania fought alongside Russia against the Ottoman Empire. The war led to international recognition of Romanian independence.
Kingdom of Hungary: A Central European kingdom that existed from the Middle Ages until its dissolution after World War I. Hungarian rule over Transylvania shaped a long-running contest over sovereignty and identity.
Burebista: A first-century BCE king who united much of the Getae and Dacian world. His kingdom was the most powerful pre-Roman polity in the region.
Moldavia: A medieval principality centered in the lands between the Carpathians and the Dniester, later divided among neighboring states. Its union with Wallachia began the formation of modern Romania.
Treaty of Trianon: The 1920 treaty that formalized Hungary’s postwar borders and ceded Transylvania to Romania. It confirmed a major territorial change following the union of 1918.
Ottoman Empire: A multiethnic empire centered on Anatolia that ruled parts of southeastern Europe from the fourteenth century to 1922. Wallachia and Moldavia retained local rulers while navigating Ottoman suzerainty.
Decebalus: The Dacian king who fought two wars against Emperor Trajan before Rome annexed Dacia. His defeat marks the Roman conquest that transformed ancient Dacia.
Transylvania: A historic region bounded largely by the Carpathians, governed at different times by Hungarian, Habsburg, and Romanian authorities. Its changing sovereignty culminated in union with Romania in 1918.

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