History of Sindh

The history of Sindh traces the societies and political powers of the lower Indus region, from the Indus Civilization to the modern province of Pakistan.

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Indus Valley Civilization: A Bronze Age civilization centered on the Indus River basin, known for planned cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Mohenjo-daro places the region among South Asia’s earliest urban societies.
Indus River: A major South Asian river flowing from the Tibetan Plateau through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. Its valley supported settlement, agriculture, transport, and successive states.
Muhammad ibn Qasim: An Umayyad commander who led the conquest of Sindh in the early eighth century. His campaign established the first durable Arab political foothold in Sindh.
Sindhi language: An Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in Sindh and written in Pakistan in an Arabic-derived script. Its literary and educational history anchors regional cultural identity.
Arab conquest of Sindh: The Umayyad campaign that brought Sindh under Arab rule in the early eighth century. The conquest began a lasting period of Muslim political and cultural influence.
Sindh under the Delhi Sultanate: The periods when the Delhi Sultanate exercised political authority over parts of Sindh between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. Sultanate influence connected Sindh to northern Indian imperial politics.
Jam Nizamuddin II: A ruler of the Samma dynasty who governed Sindh in the late fifteenth century. His reign is associated with the Samma kingdom’s political and cultural prominence.
Sindhi literature: Literary works written in Sindhi, including poetry, devotional writing, and modern prose. Its traditions preserve social memory across changing political regimes.
Soomra dynasty: A medieval dynasty that ruled parts of Sindh from roughly the eleventh to the fourteenth century. Soomra rule marked a locally based political era after early Arab power waned.
Mughal Empire: A South Asian empire founded in 1526 that ruled large territories until the nineteenth century. Mughal expansion incorporated Sindh into a wider imperial administration.