Knowra Hòa Hảo Hòa Hảo Hòa Hảo is a Vietnamese Buddhist religious movement founded by Huỳnh Phú Sổ in 1939. It emphasizes simplified worship, personal devotion, and Buddhist practice rooted in local life.
Huỳnh Phú Sổ : A Vietnamese religious leader who founded the Hòa Hảo movement in 1939. His teachings and leadership gave the movement its founding authority.
Four debts of gratitude : A Hòa Hảo teaching that names obligations to parents and ancestors, the country, the Three Treasures, and fellow people. This teaching turns Hòa Hảo devotion into duties toward family, community, and religion.
French Indochina : A French colonial federation in Southeast Asia that included Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Hòa Hảo began under French colonial rule, amid social and political pressures in Vietnam.
First Indochina War : The 1946–1954 conflict in which France fought Vietnamese forces seeking independence. Hòa Hảo leaders and followers navigated competing political forces during this war.
Tịnh độ Cư sĩ Phật hội Việt Nam : A Vietnamese lay Buddhist organization founded in 1934 that combines Pure Land devotion with healing and social service. It offers a nearby example of Vietnamese lay Buddhist reform with a different institutional and devotional profile.
Buddhism in Vietnam : The historical development of Buddhist traditions and institutions in Vietnam. Hòa Hảo arose within Vietnamese Buddhism while challenging established religious forms.
Home altar : A domestic place for religious devotion, often holding images or objects used in prayer and offerings. Hòa Hảo worship commonly centers on simple household devotion rather than elaborate temples.
Vietnamese millenarianism : Religious movements in Vietnam that anticipate transformative change, often through a coming sacred or political renewal. Millenarian expectations helped shape the reception of Huỳnh Phú Sổ’s prophetic claims.
Vietnam War : The mid-twentieth-century conflict involving North and South Vietnam and their international allies. Hòa Hảo communities experienced the conflict’s shifting state power and military pressures.
Cao Đài : A Vietnamese religion founded in 1926 that combines elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, and other traditions. Like Hòa Hảo, it arose in southern Vietnam, but it developed a distinct syncretic theology and clergy.
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