Holism

Holism is an approach that explains a subject through the relations among its parts and the larger whole they form. It contrasts with accounts that treat parts in isolation.

Emergence: Emergence is the appearance of properties or patterns at a larger scale that are not found in individual components. It names how interactions within a whole can produce properties absent from its separate parts.
Part–whole relation: A part–whole relation connects an entity with the larger entity of which it is a component. Holistic explanations depend on specifying which parts belong to which whole.
Holistic medicine: Holistic medicine considers a person's physical, psychological, social, and sometimes spiritual dimensions in care. It applies whole-person reasoning to health and clinical practice.
Jan Smuts: Jan Smuts was a South African statesman and philosopher who developed an influential account of holism. His writing gave holism its modern philosophical formulation.
Methodological individualism: Methodological individualism explains social phenomena through the actions and interactions of individuals. It offers a rival starting point for explaining institutions and collective outcomes.
Systems theory: Systems theory studies organized sets of interacting components and their relations with one another and their environments. It formalizes explanations that focus on organized wholes and their interactions.
Organization: Organization is the arrangement and coordination of components within a system or structure. The arrangement of parts can matter as much as their individual properties.
Ecology: Ecology studies relationships among organisms and between organisms and their environments. Ecological explanations connect organisms to communities and environmental systems.
Holism and Evolution: Holism and Evolution is Jan Smuts's 1926 book arguing that wholes and their development are fundamental features of nature. This work introduced Smuts's account of holism to a wide audience.
Analytic philosophy: Analytic philosophy emphasizes clarity, logical analysis, and careful examination of concepts and arguments. Its tradition often favors decomposition and precise analysis over whole-centered explanation.

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