Home Rule crisis

The Home Rule crisis was the political conflict over granting Ireland self-government within the United Kingdom before the First World War. It culminated in rival armed mobilizations and the suspension of the 1914 Home Rule Act.

Government of Ireland Act 1914: A British law granting Ireland a devolved parliament, whose implementation was suspended during the First World War. It was the crisis’s legislative outcome, enacted but not put into operation.
Irish Home Rule movement: A political movement seeking self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom. The crisis was the movement’s most dangerous confrontation with unionist opposition.
John Redmond: The Irish Parliamentary Party leader who negotiated for Home Rule and supported the British war effort in 1914. He led the parliamentary campaign that secured passage of the Home Rule Act.
Partition of Ireland: The division of Ireland into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, established through legislation and political agreements in 1920–22. The unresolved Ulster question became a central factor in dividing the island.
Ulster Covenant: A 1912 pledge by Ulster unionists to resist Irish Home Rule, signed by hundreds of thousands of people. Its mass signature campaign made resistance to the bill a public commitment.
First Home Rule Bill: A 1886 bill introduced by William Gladstone to establish an Irish legislature; it was defeated in the House of Commons. Its defeat began a sequence of parliamentary struggles that shaped the later crisis.
Edward Carson: An Irish unionist leader who organized resistance to Home Rule and helped establish the Ulster Volunteer Force. He gave Ulster unionism a prominent parliamentary and organizational leader.
Easter Rising: An armed Irish republican insurrection in Dublin in April 1916 against British rule. The suspension of Home Rule formed part of the wartime context in which republican resistance intensified.
Ulster Volunteer Force: A unionist paramilitary organization founded in 1913 to oppose Irish Home Rule. Its formation turned Ulster opposition into an organized armed threat.
Second Home Rule Bill: A 1893 bill to establish an Irish legislature, passed by the Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. Its failure demonstrated the Lords’ power to block Irish self-government before reform.

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